Secondary storage media
Secondary
Storage Device
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Sequential
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Direct Access Devices
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Access Device
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Magnetic Tape
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Magnetic
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Optical Disk
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Other
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Disk
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Memory
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storage
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Floppy
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Hard Disk
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CD-ROM
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DVD
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Disk
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Flash
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Memory
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Smart
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Micro
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Drive
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Card
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Card
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drive
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Compact
Disk (CD ROM)
Floppy
Disk
Cartridge
Tape
Magneto-Optical
Disk
USB
drive / Pen Drive
Memory
Stick
Hard
Disk
Picture
of some Permanent Storage Memory
Cartridge Tape:
Memory Stick
CD-ROM
CD-ROM Drive
Magneto-Optical
Disk
Permanent Storage Memory
Hard Disk:
o Data store permanently
o Size
may be 20GB
, 40GB, 80GB,160GB,
320GB,
500GB,
1TB.
About Memory Size
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1
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Nibble
= 4 bits
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1Byte
= 8 bits
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1
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Kilobyte
(KB) = 1024 Bytes
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1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
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1
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Gigabyte
(GB) = 1024 MB
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1
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
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1
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Petabyte
(PB) = 1024 TB
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1
Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB
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1
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Zettabyte = 1024 EB
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SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
—
The
system draws power from AC mains through a power protection device.
— This power is not directly supplied
to the internal components , instead one of the components called Internal
Power Supply.
— Otherwise known as Switched Mode
Power Supply.
— It can converts the AC input into DC
output of 5 & 12 volts.
Exhaust Fan
—
The SMPS
has a small fan, called exhaust fan, attached to it.
— It can rotate as long as the system
switched on.
— Main function is – cool the SMPS Unit
Speaker
— The system unit has also a small
audio speaker attached to it.
— It is connected with the Motherboard.
— It can create a beep sound to
indicate everything is working satisfactory.
— Also used to entertainment programs
to produced sound effects.
Motherboard
— When you open the system unit, a
large board containing a number of tiny electronic circuits called Motherboard.
— All PC peripheral devices are
connected with the Motherboard.
Microprocessor
— The microprocessor consists of ALU
Unit, Control Unit, Memory unit
— It can move data from one memory
location to another
— The capacity of Microprocessor is
measured in the term of the number of bits it can send or receive & the
number of bits it can process internally.
— Ex – 8088 --- 8 / 16 bit processor
— 80286 – 16 / 16 bit processor
— Manufacture company – Intel ,
Motorola
— Pentium is a 32 bit processor
— Pentium IV is a 32 bit processor with
64 data path.
Software
o A PC is incapable of performing any
task with the hardware alone. It requires instruction to function as desired.
Like data, instruction are entered by the input devices like keyboard, mouse
etc.
o A set of instruction doing a specific
task is called a program.
o A set of program written to achieve a
common objective is called software.
Software
can categorize into two types
o 
Application software
Application software
o System software
o Utility software
Application software
o Application software is software that
design for a specific application.
Example
– software for billing system, accounting software or software
that
enables the creation and storage of documents.
o General application software are
database management system (DBMS), spreadsheets (Microsoft excel) and word
processors (Microsoft word). Using DBMS software a user can maintain large
volume of data that can be modified, updated.
System software
o Besides the application software
there is a another software called system software. System software is the
operating system. Which is very important for the working of the PC.
o Example – windows 98, windows 95,
windows XP ,Solaris, Linux, Unix,
Vista
etc.
o When a user wants to store any data
or program, the data or the program is stored at a location that is known only
to the operating system. Therefore, the operating system performs the task of
storage management.
Functions of an Operating system
o
Process
Management
o I/O operation
o Memory management
o File management
o Data management
o Command Interpretation
o Security Management
o Bootstrap Program
Utility software
Utility software is system software designed to help
analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer.
— Antivirus scan for computer viruses.
— Nero (CD write software)
— Disk checkers can scan operating hard drive.
— Backup utilities can make a copy of all information
stored on a disk
—
— Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or
a smaller file
— Disk cleaners can find files that are unnecessary
to computer operation
Compilers
Besides the application software and
the system software, there is a third kind of software called the compiler
software.
Compiler is a system program that
translates source code (user written program) into object code (binary form).
The
whole source code file is compiled in one go and a complete.
This means that the program can only
be executed once the translation is complete.
It
is 5-25 times faster than an interpreter.
Ex-
C & C++ are most popular compiled language
Interpreter
Translate the high level language and
execute the instruction before passing on to the next instruction.
An Interpreter is contrast to a
compiler, analyzes & executes the source code line- by – line without
looking at the entire program.
First it translates & executes
the first line then it moves to the next line of the source code & repeats
the process.
It
is a slow process.
It is used in FORTRAN program.
Ex-
JavaScript & VBScript are interpreted language.
Language Classification
·
Language
is a means of communication. Normally people interact with each other through
communication.
·
On
the same pattern, communication with computers is carried out through a
language.
·
The
language is understood both by the user and the machine. Normally every
language has its grammatical rules; similarly every computer language is bound
by rules known as the SYNTAX of the language.
Programming
language
v A programming language is an
artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the
behavior of a machine, particularly a computer.
v Programming languages are defined by
rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively.
v Many programming languages have some
form of written specification of their syntax.
There
are two level of language.
1. High level programming language
2.
Low-level
programming language
High-level
programming language
These languages are normal, English
like. Easy to understand statements to pass instruction to the computer. The
languages are problem oriented. It offers:
●
Readability ● Easy Debugging ● Portability ● Easy software Development
Example: - BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN,
PASCAL, and C. (N.B: Full form of this languages see page no: 31 and 32)
Low-level
programming language
Low-level
programming languages are sometimes divided into two categories:
1. Machine Language
2.
Assembly
Language
# Machine Language
This is
the only language understood directly by the computer. It the language of 0’
and 1’ i.e . Binary number. It is machine dependent. It is difficult to learn
and write program in.
# Assembly Language
It
is uses only letters and symbols. Programming is simpler and less time
consuming than machine language programming. It is easy to locate and correct
errors in Assembly language.
It is also machine dependent.
Programmer must have knowledge of the machine on which the program will run.
An assembler is a program that
translates an assembly language program into a machine language program.
Internet
Definition
v A global network that connects
million of computers together, known as the internet.
v Internet is the vast inter connection
of computers across the world.
v The Internet is the fastest way of
retrieving information
v It also called a network of networks
in which users at any one computer can, get information from any other computer
if they have permission.
World
Wide Web
Ú The WWW is known as the World Wide
Web , is a store house of information .It is a collection of several documents
called web pages, which are interlinked with each other Web pages is achieved
using Hypertexts.
Ú Hypertext connects on one web page to
another web page.
Ú Hypertexts are the highlighted or
underline text on the web page.
Internet
It was
conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.
government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that
would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to
"talk to" research computers at other universities.
Network Topology
Ø Network topology refers to the
physical layout of the network i.e. the locations of the computers and how the
cable is run between them.
Ø To select the right topology for how
the network will be used is very important.
Ø Each topology has its own strength
and weaknesses.
Types of Network Topology
v STAR
TOPOLOGY
v BUS TOPOLOGY
v RING TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
This is a form of LAN architecture is
which nodes on a network are connected to a common central hub or switch, and
this is done by the use of dedicated
links.
Host node
v
v
v
v In this kind of topology all the
cables run from the computers to the central location where they are all
connected by a device called hub or switch (or host node).
v Each computer on a star network communicates
with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or only
to the destination computer, e.g. if it is a hub then it will send to all and
if it is a switch then it will send to only destination computer.
v When network expansion is expected
and when the greater reliability is needed, star topology is the best.
Advantages:
1) It is easy to modify and add new
computers without disturbing the rest of the network.
2) The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose
the faults.
3) Single computer failure does not
necessarily bring down the whole star network.
Disadvantages:
1) If the central device (or the host
node) fails the whole network fails to operate.
2) Star networking is expensive because
all network cables must be pulled to one central point, requires more cable
than other network topologies.
RING TOPOLOGY
This
topology is a simple design and consists of a single cable that forms the main
data path in the shape of a ring. Each device is connected to a closed loop of
cable. Signals travel in one direction from one node to all other nodes around
the loop.
v In this type each computer is
connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the first.
v Each retransmits what it receives
from the previous computer. The message flows around the ring in one direction.
v The ring network does not subject to
signal loss problem as a bus network experiences.
v There is no termination because there
is no end to the ring.
Advantages:
1) Each node has equal access.
2) Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages:
1) Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole
network.
2) Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
BUS TOPOLOGY
In the bus topology the server is at
one end, and the client PCs (devices) are connected at different points or
positions along the network.
All
signals pass through each of the devices. Each device has a unique identity and
can recognize those signals intended for it. It is easy and simple to design
and implement
Advantages
·
Easy to implement and extend
·
Well
suited for temporary or small networks not requiring high speeds
·
Cheaper
than other topologies.
·
Cost effective as only a single cable
is used
·
Cable
faults are easily identified
Disadvantages
·
Limited cable length and number of
stations.
·
If
there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down.
·
Maintenance costs may be higher in
the long run.
·
It works best with limited number of
nodes.
·
It
is slower than the other topologies.
Types of Network
Network divided into three types :-
Ø LAN (Local Area Network)
Ø MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Ø WAN (Wide Area Network)
Local Area Network
A
local-area network is a computer
network covering a small geographic area, like a home,
office, or group of buildings e.g. a school. The defining characteristics of
LANs, in contrast to wide-area
networks (WANs), include
their much higher data-transfer rates, smaller geographic range
Metropolitan Area Network
Ú Metropolitan area networks can span
up to 50km, devices used are modem and wire/cable
Ú A MAN is optimized for a larger
geographical area than a LAN.
Wide Area Network
Ø Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area
(i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or
national boundaries
Channel
A Channel can take many forms,
including ones suitable for storage
which can communicate a message over time as well as space.
Ú A single path provided by a transmission
medium via either physical separation, such as by multipair cable.
Ú Fiber optic "cable" refers
to the complete assembly of fibers, strength members and jacket.
Ú Fiber optic cables come in lots of
different types, depending on the number of fibers and how and where it will be
installed.
● SPEED: Fiber
optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
• BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
• DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further
without needing to be
"refreshed" or strengthened.
• RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic
noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE: Fiber
optic cables costs much less to maintain.
Coaxial Cable Types
Ø Coaxial cable, or coax, is a cable
consisting of an inner conductor, surrounded by a tubular insulating layer
typically made from a flexible material , all of which is then surrounded by
another conductive layer and then finally covered again with a thin insulating
layer on the outside.
Ø The Coaxial cable is used as a transmission
line for radio frequency signals, in applications such as connecting radio
transmitters and receivers
with their antennas, carrying
internet connections, and distributing cable
television
Ø A type of cable made by intertwining
two separate insulated wires together.
Ø There are two types of twisted pair:
shielded and unshielded. Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP) has a fine wire mesh
surrounding the wires to protect the
transmission;
Ø Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) does not. Shielded cable is used in older telephone networks, network, and data communications
to reduce outside interference.
Network Interface Card
Ø
A Network
Interface card, network adapter, network interface controller
(NIC), network interface card, or LAN
adapter is a computer
hardware component designed
to allow computers to communicate over a computer
network.
Ø A Network Interface Controller (NIC)
is a hardware
interface that handles and allows a network
capable device access to a computer
network such as the internet
Definitions of Server
Ø A computer or application, that
provides a service to client software on other computers. Servers are used for
web hosting and other web applications
Ø A high end computer with specific
software that allows other computers to use its facilities for connection to
data drives, email, printers, Internet or other service.
Ø A computer or device on a network
that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and
storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store
files on the server.
Node (networking)
In
communication
networks, a node is an
active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of
sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel
Hub
A network hub is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair
or fiber optic
Windows NT
Ø The first version of which was
released in July 1993. It was originally designed to be a powerful
high-level-language-based, processor-independent, multiprocessing, multiuser
operating system with features comparable to Unix. It was intended to complement consumer
versions of Windows that were based on MS-DOS. NT was the first fully 32-bit version of
Windows,
ARCNET
Ú ARCNET is a widely-installed local
area network ( LAN)
technology that uses a token-bus scheme for managing line sharing among
the workstations and other devices connected on the LAN
Ú ARCNET is one of four major LAN
technologies,
ETHERNET
Ø Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area
networks (LANs).
Ø It defines a number of wiring and
signaling standards for the Physical Layer
of the OSI
networking model, through means of
network access at the Media Access
Control (MAC) / Data
Link Layer, and a common
addressing format
Ø The combination of the twisted pair
versions of Ethernet for connecting end systems to the
network, along with the fiber optic
versions for site backbones,
TCP / IP
Ú
(Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Ú There are 2 layers to the protocol:
TCP, which separates data into packets for transmission; and IP, which locates
and directs the packets to their destination.
Ú TCP makes sure the packets have
arrived and that the message is complete. These two protocols are the basic
language of the Internet, and
are
often referred to together as TCP/IP
IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to
node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address
(the IP number).
Ú IP addresses consist of four numbers
separated by periods (also called a
'dotted-quad')
and look something like 127.0.0.1.
Ú TCP - is responsible for verifying the
correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the
intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors until the data is
correctly and completely received.
Ú File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a standard
Internet protocol, is the simplest way to exchange files between
computers on the Internet.
Ú File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a network
protocol used to transfer data from one computer to another
through a network, such as the Internet.
Ú FTP is a file transfer protocol for
exchanging and manipulating files over any TCP-based computer network.
Ú Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
( HTTP),
which transfers displayable Web pages and related files.
Equipments needed to connect to the internet
Computer – Any IBM compatible, Macintosh or Unix computer
has memory of 2GB or more, and at least 16 MB RAM is needed.
Modems
Ú A computer needs telephone cable to
connect to the Internet.
Ú This cable can carry only Analog
signals, unlike computer works with
Digital
signal.
Ú A hardware device known as
Modulator-Demodulator (Modem) is used to convert the digital signal from the
computer to Analog signal that can be transmitted through telephone lines. At
the destination end , modem reconverts the analog signals from the telephone
cables to digital signals
and
passes the signal to the computer.
Telephone Line – It is essential to have a
telephone line connection to get connected to the Internet.
Internet Service Provider ( ISP) – Earlier in India , internet
connection was available through Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL).
Ú Now we can choose from 120 companies that have been
granted ISP licenses.
Ú Ex: -Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
Limited (MTNL), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and Mantra online. Some
private players are
(i.g.
Reliance, Airtel, Tata etc..)
Web Server – A web server is a computer
that cans various web pages and contains web server software.
·
The
web pages on the server are mostly hyper text markup language (HTML) documents.
The web client (i.e. the browser) makes a request to the web server.
·
The
web server software running on the server accepts the request, makes a search,
and then returns the result to the web client.
Web Browser - A web browser is a program that
allows you to view and search for information on the WWW.
v The user type the URL of the website
in the Web Browser , which is forwarded as the request to the web Server.
v The most popular Web browser
are Microsoft Internet Explorer , Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,
Google chrome, Safari (for Mac computer).
Search
Engine
Ú
To
getting any type of information
Ú Ex – GOOGLE , YAHOO , MSN
v You can retrieving information from
the internet, a program known as search engine is used
Expand The Words
www - World Wide Web
CAD – computer
aided design
VLSI =
Very-large-scale integration,
( is the process of creating
integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistor-based circuits into a
single chip.)
HTTP -
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
DBMS - database
management system
LCD – Liquid
Crystal Display
LED - Light
emitting diodes
TFT – Thin
Film Transistor
ASCII -
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
FAT - File Allocation Table ( is a computer file system architecture.)
GIGO - Garbage In, Garbage Out (abbreviated to GIGO, coined
as a pun on First-In, First-Out) is a phrase in the field of computer
science or Information.
Garbage
In, Garbage Out. If the input data is wrong or inaccurate, the output data will
be inaccurate or wrong. GIGO is often the problem with data entered by hand
into computer systems
MAN- Metropolitan Area Network LAN –
Local area network
WAN – Wide Area Network
(BIOS) - Basic Input/Output System
OCR - Optical
character recognition, is the mechanical or electronic
translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or
printed text ...
OMR - Optical Mark Recognition (also called Optical Mark Reading) is
the process of capturing human-marked data from document .
BASIC – Beginners All Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code. COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language
FORTRAN – Formula Translation
LISP – List Processing
CAM –Computer-aided manufacturing ( is the use of computer-based software
tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing .
ALU –In computing, an arithmetic logic
unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and
logical operations.
EDP – Electronic Data Processing (EDP) can refer to the use of
automated methods to process commercial data.
BCD – binary-coded decimal (sometimes called natural binary-coded decimal
CPU –central processing unit or processor is an electronic circuit
that can execute computer programs.
MICR – Magnetic
Ink Character Recognition
is the common machine language
specification for the paper-based payment transfer system.
It consists of magnetic ink printed
characters of a special design which can be recognized by high speed magnetic
recognition equipment. This series of: check number, bank routing number,
checking account number and in some cases the amount of the check.
AMD -
Advanced Micro Devices
ARPA - Advanced
Research Projects Agency
---- X ----
BASICS
OF MS – DOS
MS –
DOS is called Micro Soft Disk Operating System. It is an operating system which
has developed by MICRO-SOFT. It can control various peripherals which can be
attached to printer, Hard-Disk, Floppy- disk drive visual display terminal,
Keyboard, Mouse, Plotter.
DOS COMMANDS
n Dos
command help you to give instruction to the operating system in character user
interface (CUI) environment.
n Using
dos command , you can perform various task, such as creating and managing files
and folder and monitoring your system resources.
Creating folder
n MD or
MKDIR Command is used to create a folder. It stands for create directory.
n Syntax
:MD [drive:][path][directory name]
OR
n
MKDIR [drive:][path][directory name]
(To create a new directory
named Raj under D drive.)
n Ex-
D:\>MD Raj
OR D:\>MKDIR Raj
Creating text file
n COPY
CON command is used to create a text file.
n Syntax:
COPY CON [File Name]
You write the text and press Ctrl-Z
keys together to save the contents in the file.
Ex – D:\Raj >COPY CON India
Now write the text and press Ctrl-Z
key to save.
Displaying the
contents of a file
n TYPE
command is use to display the contents of a file.
n Syntax:
D:\Raj >TYPE [File name]
Ex – D:\Raj >India
It show all the content of the file.
Displaying Contents
of a Directory
n DIR
command is used to display the contents of the directory.
n Syntax:
DIR [drive:] [path]
Or DIR [drive:] [path] [/option]
Ex – D:\ >DIR or D:\ >DIR/p
/p – pauses after each screenful of information. /w-wide
list format.
/s – looks in subdirectory.
Changing
Directory
n You
can change your working directory by issuing the CD command. Which is stands
for change directory.
n Syntax:
CD[drive:][directory name]
To make Raj as a current directory ,
you can write –
D:\ >CD Raj
After you write it show D:\Raj >
Command for going to the Parent
Directory
CD.. command is use for getting back
to the parent directory.
n Syntax:
D:\[directory name]>CD..
n Ex:-
D:\Raj>CD..
CD\ command is use for getting back to
the root directory.
Syntax: D:\ [directory name]>CD\
D:\ Raj>CD\
Renaming File
n REN
command is used to change the name of a file.
n Syntax:
REN[drive:][path][old file name] new
file name]
Ex: To change the name of the file India.txt to Ihm.txt
give the following command. D:\Raj>REN India Ihm
Copying
Files
n COPY
command is used to copy one or more files to an alternate location.
n Syntax:
n COPY
[source] [destination]
Ex: To copy bbsr.txt file from the
current India directory to Cuttack directory.
D:\India>COPY bbsr.txt D:\Cuttack
Moving Files
n
MOVE command is used to move a file or files from one
location to another location.
n Syntax:
n MOVE
[drive:] [source] [drive:] [target]
n Ex:
To move Case1.txt file from directory India to directory Orissa.
D:\India>MOVE case1.txt D:\Orissa
Source – specifies the path of the
file you want to move.
Target - specifies the path of the
destination directory.
Deleting Files
n DEL
command is used to delete file or files from the disk.
n Syntax:
n DEL
[drive:] [path] [file name]
Ex: To delete Ihm file from India
directory.
D:\India>DEL Ihm
Deleting Directory
n RD
command is used to remove a directory
n Syntax:
n RD
[drive:] [path]
n Ex: To
remove TIM directory from the D: drive.
n D:\>RD
Tim
Exiting from Command
Prompt
n EXIT
command is used to exit from the command prompt.
n Syntax:
n EXIT
<Enter>
n When
you want to close the Command Prompt window.
n D:\>Exit
n The
directories are called folders in windows.
MS–WORD
2007 - PRACTICAL
Title Bar
§ Title Bar is the bar which display
the name of the current document
§ Default name is Document1
§ Extension name of MS-word is .docx
Ribbon:
The
Ribbon is the Region at the top of the user interface that provides quick
access to task- specific command. It provides you with an easy to access set of
commands organized onto tabs. All of the relevant commands for any particular
task are placed under an individual tab that represents the main functionality.
Office button:
The
Microsoft office button brings together all the level features , such as new,
open save , save as. It provides access to the tab , which allows you to
customized the environment . It also display the list of recently open document
to enable you to quickly access the required the document / presentation/
spread sheet program.
Quick
access Toolbar
The
Quick access Toolbar is a customizable toolbar that provides easy access to any
command in the application. By default ,the Quick access bar is places on top
of the Ribbon and includes core commands such as Save, Undo, Redo, Open.
The status bar
ü The status bar at the bottom is
display the page number, Line number , word count, zoom, etc.
ü
Word's
Status Bar can keep track of and display
statistics about your document. Statistics or features can be added,
removed, or viewed simply.
How to open Microsoft Word -2007
Ø Start 
Programs Microsoft office Microsoft
Programs Microsoft office Microsoft
Word.
MS Excel- 2007
n
Microsoft
excel is an Application software.
n Microsoft excel is known as
spreadsheet program.
n Microsoft excel is a collection of
Rows and Columns.
n A spreadsheet is a program that
manipulates number and string data in
Rows
and Columns.
n Benefits – the main advantages of
using a spreadsheet program is that it enables you to perform simple row and
column arithmetic.
n Excel is a collection of rows and
columns.
n Rows – are referenced by the row
number.
(
1:1 is the reference to the first row )
n Columns - are referenced by the column name.
(A:A
is the reference to the first column )
n You can enter data in excel in the
cell.
n Cell - A cell is an intersection of
rows and columns
n In a cell you can enter various types
of data. Ex- Numerical and Character
n A cell is represented by the
combination of a column and row name.
n Ex - A1 is the first cell (Column A
and Row 1)
Worksheet
n
A work
sheet contains rows and columns of cell.
n A numbers of worksheet is called a
workbook. It is the file in which you work and store data in Excel. As a
workbook contains a number of worksheets.
Title Bar
n Title Bar is the bar which display
the name of the current document
n Default name is Book1
n Extension name of MS-Excel is .xlsx
Features of Microsoft Excel
n Linking Worksheet
Linking
Worksheets enable you to work on a number of worksheets at a time.
n A large number of Rows and Columns
A single Excel worksheet contains 65,536 rows and 256
columns. A single cell in excel can contain 32,767 characters.
n Charts
Charts
enables you to graphical representation data in a worksheet.
n AutoCorrect and Spell Check
Automatically
corrects common typing and spelling and grammatically errors.
n Conditional Formatting
Apply
condition in a specific cell or range of cell.
How to open Microsoft Excel -2007
Ø Start Programs Microsoft office
Programs Microsoft officeMicrosoft Excel
Functions:-
|
|
A
|
B
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
20
|
30
|
|
|
|
2
|
15
|
40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
25
|
50
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the values are placed in the from A1 to B3
1.The total is
= sum(Range of the cell)
=
sum(A1:B3) (It display the result = 180
)
2. The maximum value
=maximum(Range
of the cell)
=maximum(A1:B3) (It
display the result = 50 )
3. The
minimum value =minimum(Range of the cell)
=minimum(A1:B3) (It
display the result = 15 )
4. The Average value
= Average (Range of the cell)
= Average (A1:A3)
(It display the result = 20 )
5. Show the date.
=Today() (It display the Current date in this format 8/4/2014 )
6. Show both date & Time
=Now() (It display the Current date in this format 8/4/2014
15:55)
MS Power Point – 2007
Presentation
v A
presentation is a delivery mechanism used to deliver relevant information to
specific audiences using visual aids.
v
The
visual aid can be in the form of overheads, slides and paper handouts.
Power Point
Ú A
Power point presentation is a file that contains information that can be
presented to an audience as slides in a sequence
Ú The
slides consist of placeholders in which you can insert text, pictures,
graphics, table and charts.
Ú A presentation can also contain
transitions between slides.
Ú Start – programs- MS Office – Ms
PowerPoint
Using Power Point you can:-
Ú
Creating
colorful Presentation
Ú
software
designed to provide you the wide range of features to custom build
your
presentation
Ú Creating Effective
Presentation
-----XXX-----
Parts of MS window
My
Computer
My
Documents
My
Network Places
Start
Button
Taskbar
Recycle
Bin
Icon
Date
Time Control
Pointer
My Computer
§ My
Computer allows the user to explore the
contents of their computer drives as well as manage their computer
files.
§ Although
the name has changed this icon still acts identical to the earlier My Computer.
My Documents
§ My
Documents is the name of a special folder on the computer's hard drive that
§ the
system commonly uses to store a user's documents, music, pictures, downloads,
and other files.
In the Microsoft Windows operating
systems, My Network Places is the network browser feature in Windows Explorer
from Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000 onwards.
Start Menu
ü Start
is also a command that enables a user to start a separate window in Windows
from the Windows command line.
ü The
Start menu, which is accessed by a button on the taskbar, contains
commands that can access programs, documents, and settings.
Taskbar
ü In
computing, a taskbar is a bar displayed on a full edge of a GUI desktop
that is used to launch and monitor running applications.
Windows Internet Explorer
ü Windows Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers
developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line
of operating systems, starting in 1995.
ü A
web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
ü An information resource is
identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI)
and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.
ü A web browser can also be defined as
an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve
and view documents and other resources on the Internet.
Recycle
Bin
§ The
Recycle Bin keeps some files that have been deleted, whether accidentally or
intentionally.
§
Whether a deleted file is put into
the Recycle Bin depends on how it is deleted.
§ Deleted
files may be removed from the Recycle Bin by restoring them with a command, or
by deleting them permanently.
§ Recycle bin is called the Dustbin of
the computer.
Icon
§ A small picture that represents an
object or program. Icons are very useful in applications that use windows,
because with the click of a mouse button you can shrink an entire window into a
small icon.
***
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